Welsh - Lesson 1 - Mutations

Treiglad meddal. Soft mutation occurs:

- in the female names, after y, yr, `r, or un:

cath / y gath, un gath ; merch / y ferch, un ferch

- at the beginning of all the names, after dau and dwy

- at the beginning of the adjectives following a singular feminine noun:

cath + tew / cath dew

- at the beginning of the verbs that start a question:

taloch chi / daloch chi ?

- at the beginning of the verbs (expect those starting with P, T or C) that start a sentence in the negative:

bwytais i / fwytais i ddim

- at the beginning of the names or adjectives after the particle yn:

tew / mae Ffred yn dew

There are no mutations in the verbs:

mae Ffred yn mynd

- after the possessives dy (yours) and ei (his):

pen / dy ben di ; car / ei gar e

- at the beginning of the names that are direct complements of the verb in its short form:

rhaglan / gwelais i raglan

- after the prepositions am, ar, at, dan, dros, drwy, heb, hyd, gan, wrth, i, o:

Llanelli / dw i'n dod o Lanelli

Treiglad trwynol. Nasal mutation occurs:

- after the possessive fy (my):

car / fy nghar i

- after yn (preposition meaning “in“):

Caerdydd / yng Nghaerdydd

Treiglad llaes. Spirant mutation occurs:

- after a (and):

coffi / te a choffi

- after the possessive ei (her):

pen / ei phen hi

- at the beginning of the verbs beginning with P, T or C beginning a negative sentence:

talu / thalais i ddim

- after na (than):

coffi / mae te 'n well na choffi